A lot of operational mistakes are arithmetic mistakes: a factor of 8 between Mbit/s and MB/s, 7% between GB and GiB, a RAID level that leaves half the capacity you budgeted, a subnet that starts on the wrong boundary. None of these need a lab or a server-side check — they need a calculation done carefully, with units handled exactly.
The Conversion & Calculation tools on NetTools.tech do that arithmetic in your browser. They share one exact number model for units, state their assumptions next to the results, and export everything as CSV, JSON, text or a printable report.
What these tools cover
The category has nine tools in four groups:
- Unit converters: the Unit Converter (data, rates, frequency, time, voltage, current, power, temperature and Unix timestamps), the CPU Frequency Converter (Hz to THz plus clock period) and the Data Storage Converter (bits, bytes, decimal and binary units).
- Data and network speed: the Bits & Bytes Explainer (prefix families and speed tables) and the Bandwidth Calculator (transfer time, data volume, required bandwidth).
- Storage: the RAID Calculator (capacity, efficiency, performance and fault tolerance for ten RAID levels, with a failure simulator).
- Numbers and addresses: the Number Base Converter (bases 2–36 with two's complement), the IP Address Converter (IPv4/IPv6 notations) and the Subnet Mask Converter (masks, prefixes, wildcards, equal splits and VLSM).
All of them are pure calculations: no lookups, no network tests and no data leaving the browser.
Why they matter
- Units are where plans go wrong. Link speeds are in decimal bits per second, files in bytes, and operating systems often show binary units with decimal labels. Exact conversion removes the guesswork.
- Capacity has to be right before purchase. RAID overhead, unequal disks and filesystem reservations change usable space considerably.
- Windows and deadlines depend on throughput. Backup, replication and migration plans need the time, volume and bandwidth relation done correctly and with explicit assumptions.
- Addressing errors are expensive to undo. Misaligned subnets, wrong wildcard masks or ambiguous address notations cause outages and security gaps.
- Documentation. Every tool exports its inputs, results and assumptions, which makes the numbers reviewable.
The tools at a glance
| Tool | What it does | Best for | Guide |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit Converter | Convert data, rates, frequency, time, electrical units, temperature and Unix timestamps. | Convert technical units — data storage, transfer rates, frequency, time, voltage, current, power and temperature — and Unix timestamps to dates and back, exactly and in your browser. | Guide |
| Number Base Converter | Convert between binary, octal, decimal, hex and any base 2–36. | Convert integers between binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal and any base from 2 to 36, with exact big-number arithmetic and grouped binary and hex output. | Guide |
| CPU Frequency Converter | Convert Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. | Convert clock frequencies between Hz, kHz, MHz, GHz and THz, and see the matching clock period, with exact decimal scaling. | Guide |
| Data Storage Converter | Convert bytes, bits and decimal vs binary units (GB, GiB…). | Convert storage sizes between bits, bytes, decimal units (kB, MB, GB, TB, PB) and binary units (KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB), with every unit side by side. | Guide |
| Bits & Bytes Explainer | Understand bits vs bytes, prefixes and transfer rates. | Bits versus bytes, decimal versus binary prefixes, and how storage units and network speeds relate — with exact comparison tables and an interactive converter. | Guide |
| Bandwidth Calculator | Calculate download/transfer time, data volume or required bandwidth. | Calculate how long a download or transfer takes, how much data moves in a given time, or how much bandwidth you need to move data within a deadline — with formulas and optional efficiency. | Guide |
| RAID Calculator | RAID 0/1/1E/5/5E/5EE/6/10/50/60 capacity, efficiency and fault tolerance. | Calculate usable capacity, storage efficiency, theoretical performance and fault tolerance for RAID 0, 1, 1E, 5, 5E, 5EE, 6, 10, 50 and 60 — with a disk layout diagram, capacity breakdown and a failure simulator. | Guide |
| IP Address Converter | Convert IPv4/IPv6 to binary, hex, integer and more. | Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses into binary, hexadecimal, integer, expanded and compressed forms, reverse-DNS names and IPv4-mapped notation — validated, in your browser. | Guide |
| Subnet Mask Converter | Convert masks ⇄ CIDR and split networks into subnets/VLANs. | Convert subnet masks, CIDR prefixes and wildcard masks; calculate network, broadcast and host ranges; and split a large network into equal subnets or VLAN-sized blocks (VLSM). | Guide |
Which tool should I use?
| Problem | Tool | Guide |
|---|---|---|
| Convert Mbit/s to MB/s, ms to µs, °F to °C, or read a Unix timestamp | Unit Converter | Unit Converter guide |
| Compare clock speeds or get the cycle time of a frequency | CPU Frequency Converter | CPU Frequency Converter guide |
| Explain why a disk shows less than its label, or convert GB to GiB | Data Storage Converter | Data Storage Converter guide |
| Explain bits versus bytes and SI versus IEC prefixes to someone | Bits & Bytes Explainer | Bits and bytes guide |
| How long a transfer takes, or what link a backup window needs | Bandwidth Calculator | Bandwidth Calculator guide |
| Usable capacity and failure tolerance of a disk array | RAID Calculator | RAID Calculator guide |
| Hex, binary, octal or base-36 values, signed register values | Number Base Converter | Number base converter guide |
| An IP address as an integer, hex, canonical IPv6 or PTR name | IP Address Converter | IP address converter guide |
| Mask to prefix, wildcard masks, host ranges, splitting into VLANs | Subnet Mask Converter | Subnet mask converter guide |
Typical workflows
Sizing storage and its backup
- In the RAID Calculator, compare RAID 6 and RAID 10 for the planned disks and note the usable capacity — for example 6 × 12 TB in RAID 6 gives 48 TB (43.66 TiB) and survives two failures.
- Use the Data Storage Converter to translate that capacity into the units your backup software reports.
- In the Bandwidth Calculator, choose Required bandwidth, enter the nightly change volume and the backup window, and apply an efficiency assumption to size the link.
Explaining a "slow" connection
- Show the user the Bits & Bytes Explainer: 100 Mbit/s is at most 12.5 MB/s, or 11.921 MiB/s.
- Measure the real line with the Internet Speed Test.
- Use the Bandwidth Calculator to estimate how long their file should take at the measured rate.
Planning addressing for a new site
- In the Subnet Mask Converter, split the assigned network with VLANs of different sizes to get aligned blocks per VLAN and the remaining free space.
- Check individual gateway or server addresses with the IP Address Converter and build their reverse-DNS names.
- Cross-check a network in full detail with the Subnet Calculator, and use the Number Base Converter when you need mask bits in hex or binary.
Decoding values from logs
- Turn epoch values into dates with the Unix timestamp tab of the Unit Converter.
- Convert integer or hex addresses with the IP Address Converter.
- Decode flag fields or signed values with the Number Base Converter.
Related guides
Tool guides in this category:
- Unit Converter
- Number Base Converter
- CPU Frequency Converter
- Data Storage Converter
- Bits and bytes
- Bandwidth Calculator
- RAID Calculator
- IP Address Converter
- Subnet Mask Converter
Neighboring categories:
- IP & network tools — subnet calculator, IP lookup and geolocation.
- Network diagnostics — ping, traceroute, speed and jitter tests that produce the numbers these calculators plan with.
- DNS & domain tools — including reverse DNS for the PTR names built by the IP Address Converter.
Frequently asked questions
Do these tools send my values to a server?
No. All nine conversion and calculation tools run entirely in your browser, and the numbers, addresses and networks you enter are not transmitted. The pages may send only an anonymous usage counter with the tool name, unless your browser signals Global Privacy Control or Do Not Track.
Why do the converters give exact results?
The unit-based tools store values as exact fractions of arbitrary-size integers instead of floating-point numbers, so decimal and binary prefixes never pick up rounding errors. Only the displayed value is rounded, and the tools say when that happened.
Which tool explains why a 1 TB drive shows 931 GB?
The Data Storage Converter shows the same byte count in decimal and binary units side by side, and the Bits & Bytes Explainer has the full prefix table. For usable capacity after RAID, continue with the RAID Calculator.
How do I work out whether a backup fits into its window?
Use the Bandwidth Calculator in Required bandwidth mode with the backup size and the window, and add an efficiency assumption. The RAID Calculator gives you the array size if you are backing up a whole volume.
What is the difference between the IP Address Converter and the Subnet Mask Converter?
The IP Address Converter handles one address and writes it as an integer, hex, binary, canonical IPv6 or reverse-DNS name. The Subnet Mask Converter works with masks, prefixes and networks, calculates host ranges and splits networks into subnets or VLSM blocks.
Are the bandwidth and RAID results guarantees?
No. Bandwidth results assume a constant rate and your own efficiency figure, and RAID performance values are theoretical multipliers relative to one disk. They are planning numbers; measure real throughput and check your controller documentation.